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语言学博客 Linguistic Blog
Yuyanxue Lingüística Linguistique Linguistik Linguistica Philology Lingüística Езикознание زبانشناسی भाषा शास्त्र 언어학
文章
这个书签服务确实神奇
今日发现：Xisoso 元搜索 （元搜索+社会化搜索） 竟然能与“美味”同步，真妙不可言！
Googlism for: Chinese
Googlism for: Chinese
chinese is as difficult as you imagine
chinese is the future of the net
chinese is rare??
chinese is a book about chinese people
chinese is often described as a tonal language
chinese is too much for a chinese girl
chinese is too much for a chinese
chinese is spoken
chinese is tainted by a defection
chinese is for everyone
chinese is grand
chinese is just
chinese is a nation in which people respect their elder
chinese is "shen"
chinese is difficult for foreigners
chinese is the future of the net by kieren mccarthy posted
chinese is not difficult anymore with learning chinese is fun cd
chinese is the future of the net posted by
chinese is
chinese is variable
chinese is better than english
chinese is looser than that of english
chinese is set out in sections that are easy to read and understand each one of which is followed by a what to do tip
chinese is fun vol
chinese is a tone language
chinese is spoken by the largest population in the world
chinese is not yet an academic major
chinese is a monosyllabic language
chinese is linger
chinese is written with characters known as hanzi
chinese is no exception
chinese is greatly influenced by the philosophies and religions of confucianism
chinese is looking for
chinese is intense
chinese is an extremely ancient system of writing
chinese is taught at ut?
chinese is mandarin
chinese is easy
chinese is fun
chinese is a tonal language
chinese is difficult or not?
chinese is not that difficult
chinese is only useful when dealing with chinese people
chinese is the official language of over 1
chinese is grand by josh werner entertainment staff grand china
chinese is especially complex with more than 5 recognized dialect groups
chinese is one of the daily languages of the people who live in mainland china
chinese is "ten one"
chinese is gone in textarea
chinese is the second largest language program at monash university
chinese is better
chinese is just binary babble
chinese is avalible now
chinese is the language spoken by the largest population in the world
chinese is that there are no verb conjugations
chinese is taught at st
chinese is also called mandarin and traditional chinese
chinese is kuai
chinese is extremely concise
chinese is the latest model introduced by sabian to its hhx series
chinese is not tested
chinese is applied to many different forms of communication
chinese is the best self
chinese is required
chinese is applicable in a variety of settings in the united states and abroad
chinese is difficult and there is no use? some children say that it's hard to learn chinese
chinese is available in both internal and external modes in the school of languages
chinese is much more complicated
chinese is straathandelaars en menige van hulle is besig met die lonende misdaadbedryf wat in ons land floreer
chinese is the world抯 most popular language
chinese is the newest addition to yahoo
chinese is a language with clearly distinguished syllables
chinese is spoken by more people than any other language in the world
chinese is big5 encode
chinese is over
chinese is supposed to be very easy on any windows 2000 language version
chinese is offered for students who have a substantial interest in chinese language and culture
chinese is used in mainland china and singapore
chinese is the official language and for years it was forbidden to speak taiwanese in school
chinese is an interesting language
chinese is literally a simplified version of traditional chinese
chinese is to suggest that if that person were born anywhere else
chinese is easier to learn
游戏请见：http://www.googlism.com/index.htm?ism=Chinese&type=2
我看重的是它能给出多样的英文检索信息。
用google trends轻松说明语言不对称现象
闲话少说，一看就知：
大/小： http://www.google.com/trends?q=%E5%A4%A7%2C%E5%B0%8F
长/短：http://www.google.com/trends?q=%E9%95%BF%2C%E7%9F%AD&ctab=1&geo=all&date=all
高/矮：http://www.google.com/trends?q=%E9%AB%98%2C%E7%9F%AE&ctab=1&geo=all&date=all
美/丑：http://www.google.com/trends?q=%E7%BE%8E%2C%E4%B8%91&ctab=0&geo=all&date=all
再看一下“三个代表”，知新词的发展趋势：
http://www.google.com/trends?q=%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8&ctab=0&geo=all&date=all
“生成语法”与鸟语的语法结构/《自然》新文
The language of birdsong
Noam Chomsky's work on 'generative grammar' led to the concept of a set of rules that can generate a natural language with a hierarchical grammar, and the idea that this represents a uniquely human ability. In a series of experiments with European starlings, in which several types of 'warble' and 'rattle' took the place of words in a human language, the birds learnt to classify phrase structure grammars in a way that met the same criteria. Their performance can be said to be almost human on this yardstick. So if there are language processing capabilities that are uniquely human, they may be more context-free or at a higher level in the Chomsky hierarchy. Or perhaps there is no single property or processing capacity that differentiates human language from non-human communication systems.
News and Views: Language: Startling starlings
Recursion, once thought to be the unique province of human language, now seems to be within the ken of a common songbird — perhaps providing insight into the origins of language.
Gary F. Marcus doi:10.1038/4401117a
来源：http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7088/edsumm/e060427-15.html
人民网的英文消息也是很快的：
Starlings can recognize grammar（八哥能识别语法）:
A common European starling named Sturnus Vulgaris may have the ability to recognize grammar, an ability that linguists have ascribed to humans exclusively, scientists reported on Wednesday.
The researchers from the University of Chicago and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), show that these starlings, long known as virtuoso songbirds and expert mimics, can be trained to reliably discriminate between two different patterns of organizing the sounds they use to communicate.
These challenging findings were published in the April 27 issue of Nature.
"Our research is a refutation of the canonical position that what makes human language unique is a singular ability to comprehend these kinds of patterns," said Timothy Gentner, lead author of the study at UCSD.
"If birds can learn these patterning rules, then their use does not explain the uniqueness of human language."
The researchers focused on recursion, or center-embedding, which means creating of new and grammatically correct meanings by inserting words and clauses within sentences.
Linguists have held that recursion is universal and unique for human languages, and used rigorous rules to define the boundaries between humans and other creatures.
Previous study also suggested that even non-human primates cannot recognize anything beyond the simplest syntax. But now the researchers find that the starlings possess the most complicated linguistic ability.
Starlings produce an amazing array of complex sounds, combining chirps, warbles, trills and whistles with rattling sounds. They also have a talent for mimicry. To assess the birds' syntactical skills, the researchers exploited the diverse sounds in starling songs.
They recorded eight different 'rattles' and eight 'warbles' from a single male starling and combined them to construct a total of 16 artificial songs following two different grammars, or patterning rules.
Eight songs followed the "finite-state" rule, the simplest sort thought to account for all non-human communication. A finite-state grammar allows for sounds to be appended only at the beginning or end of a string.
The other eight songs followed the "context-free" rule, which allows for sounds to be inserted in the middle of an acoustic string, the simplest form of recursive center-embedding.
Eleven adult birds were given lessons on distinguishing between these two sets of songs using classic reinforcement techniques. The birds were rewarded with food when they heard a song from the context-free set and for refraining when they heard one from the finite-state set.
After 10,000 to 50,000 trials over several months, nine of the tested starlings learned to distinguish the patterns. /此乃经典行为主义的训练模式之胜利！
The birds were not simply memorizing particular sequences of rattles and warbles, they could distinguish between different patterns even when presented with entirely new sequences of rattles and warbles. They were applying rules to solve the task, the researchers said.
When they heard the "ungrammatical" strings -- songs that violated the established rules, the starlings treated these differently.
And remarkably, after learning the patterns with shorter songs made up of two pairs of rattles and warbles, the birds were able to recognize strings containing 6-to-8 song elements.
The finding that starlings can grasp these grammatical rules shows that other animals share basic levels of pattern recognition with humans, according to the researchers.
"There might be no single property or processing capacity," they wrote in the Nature paper, "That marks the many ways in which the complexity and detail of human language differs from non-human communication systems."
"It may be more useful," they added, "to consider species differences as quantitative rather than qualitative distinctions in cognitive mechanisms."
Source: Xinhua
另，参：
There's a recent paper in Nature ( here), in which the authors claim that starlings show evidence of understanding recursion, the putative "core mechanism" of human language on Chomsky, Hauser, and Fitch's account (by no means consensus). I don't have university access, but there are plenty of good reviews: lay-directed ones at LiveScience and John Hawks, and somewhat technical ones at Tensor and LanguageLog.
Recursion in syntax is when a category X can be composed of another representative of the same category X, plus perhaps other stuff. For example: the rule "S --> S and S" says that a sentence (S) may-consist-of some sentence, the word "and," and another sentence, in that order. This result can feed into another application of the rule, like so: "I study linguistics and Razib studies biochem," "I study linguistics and Razib studies biochem and Darth studies psychometrics," ad infinitum, making sentences out of sentences. This is what allows human language to be so flexible -- in Wilhelm von Humboldt's classic phrase, it allows the "infinite use of finite means." [1]
…………
中文——互联网blog世界的第三大语言
“啊哈”！阿基米德也别自鸣得意！
pril 12, 2006 -- Why is it that sometimes the light between the ears flashes brightly, providing that insightful "aha!" moment of discovery, and sometimes it doesn't come on at all?
Why can we be creative one moment, and dull as a fencepost the next? Scientists have sought the answers to questions like those for centuries, because human creativity is as mysterious as it is important.
But a few answers have trickled in, along with a lot more questions, and experts are beginning to get a grasp on what it is that makes us creative. They're even trying to figure out if there is anything we can do to enhance it.
The latest research shows that "aha" moments come more easily to the mind that is prepared to be creative, even before presented with a problem.
Cognitive scientists at Drexel and Northwestern Universities have been studying creativity for years now, trying to sort out why we are sometimes creative, reaching a conclusion in a flash of light, and why we are sometimes methodical, plodding along until we finally put all the pieces together.
Putting aside the fact that some people are obviously more creative than others, we all approach problems two ways — sometimes analytically and sometimes waiting for that "aha" moment.
So John Kounios of Drexel, and Mark Jung-Beeman of Northwestern, along with a team of researchers have been looking inside the noggins of volunteers to see if there's any difference in how their brains are working just before an "aha" moment, and just before a bit of plodding. And the results suggest there certainly is a difference.
"If you are going to solve a problem with insight (creativity), there's a characteristic pattern of brain activity even before the problem is presented," says Kounios, a professor of psychology at Drexel. "When it's going to be solved by a more methodical, analytical approach, there's a separate characteristic of brain activity that is different.
"That suggests that a person's brain state, or frame of mind, determines which strategy he or she is going to use to solve a problem when it finally does appear."
The researchers, who are publishing their latest findings in a forthcoming issue of Psychological Science, have used two brain-scanning techniques — electroencephalograms (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging — to study the brains of people who were presented with a series of problems.
Some of the problems were best solved methodically, but some were more suited to insightful, creative solutions. Some, of course, could go either way.
The problems included puzzles consisting of three words — such as tank, hill, secret — and each participant was asked to think of a single word that could form a compound or common phrase with each of the three words.
Some came up with the right word in a flash — a true "aha" moment. Others tried many words as they searched methodically for the right one, which is top (tank top, hilltop, top secret).
The brain scans revealed that insightful thinking was marked by increased brain activity in temporal lobe areas associated with conceptual processing, and with frontal lobe areas associated with cognitive control. The methodical approach involved increased activity in the visual cortex at the back of the brain.
Can You Make Yourself More Creative?
Since those conditions showed up before the problem was even presented, the researchers concluded that it is likely that the human brain may be pre-programmed to be either creative or analytical at any given moment.
But if that's so, is there anything we can do to make our brains more creative, or more methodical?
Kounios says their research doesn't completely answer that, but "we have some good reason to believe that some of these aspects are under a person's control."
The work "suggests," he adds, that such things as cognitive exercises, like yoga, might help make a person more creative, since they direct the attention inward, which appears to be tightly linked to creativity. But much more research is necessary to fully answer that, he says.
But how much tinkering do we want to do with the human brain? Kounios points out that some problems are better solved with methodical, analytical reasoning, and some lend themselves better to waiting for the "aha" moment.
"If you are balancing your checkbook, you don't want to be creative," he says. "You want to be methodical and analytical."
So sometimes, it isn't desirable to be creative.
"You don't want a surgeon who improvises," Kounios says. "You want a surgeon who operates according to established procedures that are known to work."
Creativity can sometimes be a bit of a drag, he points out, because "people who tend to be creative tend not to be very focused on their day-to-day business. Their attention seems to be more diffused, spread out. And they tend to be easily distracted.
"People who are more analytical seem to have more focused attention," he says.
But those "aha" moments can be a blast, even if they come rarely.
One of the first characters to recognize that was Archimedes, who is said to have shouted "Eureka" just as he stepped into his bath. Not because the water was too cold, but because he had suddenly solved a problem that he really needed to solve.
Archimedes had been ordered to find out if his king's crown was really pure gold. As he stepped into the tub, so the legend goes, he noticed the water rising as it was displaced by his foot. "Aha," he undoubtedly thought, water displacement could be used to calculate density.
Thus in a flash he solved a problem that more methodical types might not have been able to resolve.
By the way, neither the creative types, nor the methodical types, scored better in the Drexel-Northwestern project.
"For certain types of problems it's likely that using an insight strategy may give you an advantage," Kounios says. "For other types of problems, using an analytical method may be beneficial."
So Archimedes, if you're reading this, don't feel too smug.
digg 中的“linguistics”有不少有趣的东西
Aunt vs. Ant, Crayon vs. Cran, and other epic battles
submitted by tellall 8 days ago (via http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/De...)
The Dialect Survey uses a series of questions, including rhyming word pairs and vocabulary words, to explore words and sounds in the English language. Find out how the way you talk correlates to where you live / grew up.
submitted by ShatterWulf 73 days ago (via http://www.seedmagazine.com/ne...)
A cognitive science and linguistics professor at the University of Rochester, and a University of Chicago post-doc, studied the sign systems of three deaf young adults in Nicaragua. They found all three had integrated the complicated, formal ideas of subjects, objects and verbs into their languages, even though no one had taught them language.
submitted by Nenuvian 91 days ago (via http://brentblog.typepad.com/b...)
The Elmo kids' book threat "Who wants to die" has a scientific explanation based on linguistic theory. Listen to the video as the author suggests to hear the sentence sound like different phrases depending on what you are expecting.
submitted by RougeFive 98 days ago (via http://www.usingenglish.com/di...)
Articles on Technology and Language Learning by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics (ERIC/CLL), including Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Language Learning Experiences Through Internet Technology, Interactive Language Learning on the Web and more...
submitted by rhudson 113 days ago (via http://rinkworks.com/words/lin...)
Until I found this site, tmesis was my favorite linguistic term. It means to create a new word by inserting a word in the middle of another word. An example would be fan-freaking-tastic. But this site helped me find my new favorite word: dystmesis.
submitted by electrosoccertu 163 days ago (via http://www.physorg.com/news824...)
“I think it reflects how men’s power continues to influence American society despite the fact that women have made great advances economically and socially,” says U of F linguistics professor Diana Boxer. Automatically claiming suppression of women is the cause is just as sexist as me saying "Shutup and go do my laundry, bitch."
submitted by dclowd9901 211 days ago (via http://www.linguistics.ucla.ed...)
I was hunting around the web today for information on the science of linguistics, and happened across this online lesson from UCLA. Really interesting, especially the dissertion on inserting the word "fuckin" into the middle of words (page 5).
submitted by yellowbuddy 211 days ago (via http://www.behindthename.com/)
Ever wondered what your first name meant? Odds are you don't know. That's where this site comes in. It has thousands of names, from many different languages and cultures. "There are two reasons I created this site. First, I wanted to put something on the web that was unique. Second, etymology is a hobby and linguistics has always interested me."
submitted by pcmonline 239 days ago (via http://www.pcmag.com/article2/...)
The NEW TIES project is developing a computer-simulated society which may benefit ITs, computing systems, AI, and linguistics. One thousand agents will be placed in a simulated world with only a few skills and will have to learn how to acquire food and how to communicate. Experts will then study how the agents evolve into a culture.
A new study conducted at Cornell University suggests that we think in analog, not digital. It's a bold claim which, if true, threatens to make thirty years of linguistics and neuroscience metaphors look very silly indeed.
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最近“博客中国”不能留言，不知怎么回事！
google sets
google刚刚从以色列学生 Ori Alon 那里购买了这项技术，就把它推出了。目前似乎还不支持中文：http://labs.google.com/sets
以 linguistics languages typology 测之，得：
http://labs.google.com/sets?hl=en&q1=linguistics&q2=languages&q3=typology&q4=&q5=&btn=Large+Set
差强人意而已。
好博网的语言学博客群
盱眙话
| 盱眙话属北方方言区江淮次方言（或称“江淮官话”）。它的语音、词汇和普通话有若干差别。盱眙城关话与各乡镇的话基本一致，但淮河中的一些滩涂乡村说的是中原官话，他们自称是侉子，而称讲盱眙话的人为蛮子。 盱眙，建县于秦。建县前，盱眙为淮夷之地。周初，伯益的后代在今盱眙县治北建立徐国，盱眙是其属地。春秋时，盱眙名为“善道”，属吴国。战国时，越灭吴，盱眙属越国；楚国东侵至泗上，盱眙改属楚国。建县以后，隶属关系多次变更，盱眙先后隶属过30多个郡、国、州、军、路、府、省、道和地区，现属江苏省淮安市。 盱眙地处要冲。楚汉之际，楚怀王一度在境内建都。西晋以后，临淮郡、南兖州、北兖州、西楚州、招信军和泗州等先后在盱眙设治。南北朝和南宋时期，盱眙曾升为郡、军。盱眙的境域，东晋以后曾有过多次变动，明、清两代较稳定。民国期间，因析置嘉山县等因，县境缩小将近一半。建国后，县界也有三次变动。1985年，全县(新区划)面积2482.4平方公里。 盱眙位于淮河中下游，洪泽湖南岸，江苏省西部，淮阴市南端，地处北纬32°43′~33°13′，东经118°11′~118°54′。东与金湖县、安徽省天长市相邻，南、西与安徽省来安县、明光市交界，北与洪泽、泗洪两县接壤。总面积2483.7平方公里，人均面积列江苏省各县（市）之首。境内地势西南高，多丘陵，东北低，多平原，呈现阶梯状倾斜，高差悬殊220多米。淮河流经境内，北部滨临洪泽湖，有低山、丘岗、平原、河湖圩区等多种地貌。 参考资料 盱眙县县志编纂委员会 编 盱眙县志 [专著] 李上元(明) 修 帝里盱眙县志[地方志]/十二卷 李天畀(明) 修 盱眙县志[地方志]/二卷 朱弘祚(清) 修 盱眙县志 [地方志]/三十二卷 王锡元(清) 修 光绪盱眙县志稿[地方志] |